Summer surface air temperatures during 2023 were the warmest ever observed in the Arctic, while the highest point on Greenland’s ice sheet experienced melting for only the fifth time in the 34-year record. 

Overall, it was the Arctic’s sixth-warmest year on record. Sea ice extent continued to decline, with the last 17 Septembers now registering as the lowest on record. These records followed two years when unprecedented high abundance of sockeye salmon in western Alaska’s Bristol Bay contrasted with record-low Chinook and chum salmon that led to fishery closures on the Yukon River and other Bering Sea tributaries. 

“The overriding message from this year’s report card is that the time for action is now,” said Rick Spinrad, Ph.D., NOAA administrator. “NOAA and our federal partners have ramped up our support and collaboration with state, tribal and local communities to help build climate resilience. At the same time, we as a nation and global community must dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions that are driving these changes.”

Over the last two decades, the Finnish nonprofit Snowchange Cooperative has restored dozens of sites, positively influencing 128,000 acres (52,000 hectares) of peatlands and forest damaged by decades of industrial harvesting and forest management.

The restoration demonstrates a globally relevant climate solution that increases carbon storage, preventing greenhouse gas emissions from entering the atmosphere. The restored peatlands are also restoring water quality and bringing back fish and birds, a vital food source and draw for ecotourism.

The annual Arctic Report Card, now in its 18th year, is the work of 82 authors from 13 countries. It includes a section titled Vital Signs, that updates eight measures of physical and biological changes, four chapters on emerging issues and a special report on the 2023 summer of extreme wildfires.

2023 ends with a Snowchange collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Global understanding of climate change has developed strongly in the last decades, particularly (and unfortunately) as observable impacts of climate change have increased. However, climate mitigation and adaptation efforts have not progressed at the level or scale that one might expect given this growing knowledge of climate change. A major obstacle to mitigation and adaptation is getting people to understand and relate to climate change – and be able to develop the attitudes and behaviours to take action. Our paper highlights that more effective approaches to engage people on climate change effects are urgently needed. We show that human values, trust networks, and place attachment are critical elements in developing effective and inclusive engagement on climate change.

We place our focus on ‘species-on-the-move’. Plant and animal species around the world are already shifting their distributions in response to climate change. These species-on-the-move impact ecosystem structure and function, food security, human health, livelihoods, culture and even the climate itself through feedbacks to the climate system.

In our paper, we outline how species-on-the-move also present an opportunity to engage people with climate change – specifically, by linking to human values, and connections with the places in which we live, in locally relevant yet globally coherent ways. We highlight how species-on-the-move offer emotional pathways for people to connect with the complex issue of climate change in profound ways that have the potential to engender interest and climate action.

SKOLT SÁMI REWILDING WORK FEATURED IN A SCIENCE ARTICLE

The book explores the ecology and notions of the self-capacity of the fishers to order their landscapes and respond to the shifting realities on the islands. 

In the 2010s, strict nature protection increased external governance to the islands. The book concludes with the latest solution spaces for revitalization of this unique biocultural landscape.

Authors include Juhani Mellanoura, a biologist and TEK expert as well as Tero and Kaisu Mustonen from Snowchange.

Large Marine Use and Occupancy and Traditional Knowledge Book About Oura Released

Following invited talks at the IPR last year, a final report featuring several Snowchange issues and knowledge holders, such as Elder Stanton Katchatag from Unalakleet and Indigenous Alaskan author Herbert O. Anungazuk as well as several other keynote statements is now available.

'Our oceans: a deep dive': A collection of insights and perspectives on the state of our oceans, building on a major Institute for Policy Research (IPR) events series

Widely recognized environmental changes have been negatively impacting communities in the Arctic for decades. The increased prevalence of open water in the Bering Sea during winter months, also known as sea ice loss, has uprooted annual traditional subsistence activities across the Bering Sea region. This article investigates the consequences of sea ice loss on traditional subsistence activities in Unalakleet, Alaska. In conjunction with the loss of sea ice over the past 30 years, the winter season in Unalakleet has shifted from cold and dry weather regimes to warmer and wetter winters. The change in winter weather and the increased prevalence of open water in winter has deeply impacted the people of Unalakleet by affecting environmental conditions and the availability of subsistence of resources, notably influencing winter and spring marine mammals hunts that people in the Unalakleet area have relied on for thousands of years. This article is guided by the perspectives, knowledge, and intuition of people from Unalakleet, and looks specifically at how the increased prevalence of open water in the Bering Sea during wintertime has impacted traditional subsistence rounds (the succession of food resources through the seasons) in Unalakleet, Alaska, in 2022.

Messages from Unalakleet

All in all the 2021-22 support programme enabled community-led responses and actions across the Arctic coasts in Greenland, Siberia, Finland and Norway, Aleuts, Chile, Aoteoroa, Taiwan and many other locations.

For the 2022-2023 season, Snowchange opens the next call of support for the Arctic and Pacific Indigenous communities.

Indigenous and local communities in the Pacific and Arctic are eligible to apply. The guiding principles of the small grants programme will aim to

Restore the collective coastal lands and access and resource rights where applicable
Support community-based protocols for maintaining biocultural systems, food security and gendered ways of knowing the Pacific
Support the sharing-gifting traditions of the region
Support inter-community cohesion and exchanges
Restore and directly reserve a portion of the small grants to support revitalization of traditional navigation and Starlore of the Pacific peoples
Proliferation of technology and solutions to make Indigenous governance and coastal tenure more visible
Implementation of Indigenous/tribal rights through traditional institutions
Knowledge holder from Kosisi.
Knowledge holder from Kosisi.

Ultimately the grants are however assessed as articulated by the community needs.

Grants will be available for 2022-23 as long as funds remain.

New Small Grants Cycle Opens for 2022-23

This documentary film focuses on communities and Indigenous knowledge holders in the Arctic and positions the knowledge from the communities into an international frame. 

Containing never-before-seen footage from the communities and produced in part using participatory video methods the documentary highlights critically important, direct observations and messages from the changing North. 

The film is based on the Arctic Traditional Knowledge Compendium released in 2013, of the same name.

Snowchange Documentary on Arctic Indigenous Sea Change

This paper reviews a century of Kwakwaka’wakw knowledge on ecological, climate, and social change. We trace the era of Indigenous governance (about the precolonial period), especially from about 1910 to the devastation of the flood in Dzawada’enuxw First Nation territory in Kingcome, British Columbia, in 2010. This time period has been chosen as the assessment period as this is the lifetime of the 10 Elders that we collaborated with to understand and position change during this tumultuous era. We call the results of this process “a century of knowledge”. Ecological, social, and climate change are positioned with scientific literature for potential divergence/convergence. Almost all aspects of the Kwakwaka’wakw home area have undergone large-scale changes including clear-cut forestry, salmon farms, climate change affecting species ranges, cultural impositions, and colonial processes working to destroy Indigenous governance. Despite these imposed changes, the communities emerge as survivors on their own terms, including using the traditional feast system known as the Potlatch to come to terms with the devastation of the 2010 flood and beyond.

A century of knowledge: Kwakwaka’wakw Elders and environmental change

When control of the islands transferred from Russia to the United States during the 1867 Alaska Purchase, these Unangax̂ peoples were made wards of the government by the United States, a situation that continued even past the era of WWII. As wards, most aspects of their daily lives were tightly controlled by government authorities. Nonetheless, the spirit and culture of the Unangax̂ people endured.* 

These clips come from films shot on the Pribilof Islands during the late 1930s and early 1940s by L.C. McMillin. McMillin is generally regarded as having been sympathetic to the plight of the Unangax̂, despite being employed by the U.S. government to manage the islands and its peoples and to oversee seal harvests. His films reveal the rugged beauty of the islands and the resilience and tenacity of the  people who lived there.**

Scenes of Unangax̂ activities include men portaging a boat and digging out a snow-drifted road, a community celebration with foot races and bobbing for apples, men moving rocks for road construction, a wedding ceremony, men and women carrying drinking water, a baseball game, a Russian Orthodox church processional, boys rock-climbing to hunt for eggs, and fur seals on a rocky beach.

To learn more about Unangax̂ culture today, please visit the website of the Aleut Community of St. Paul Island - https://tanamawaa.com/

The Clarence McMillin Collection of 16mm films, totaling over three-and-a-half hours of footage, was preserved through a grant in 2020 from the National Film Preservation Foundation (B&W/Color/Silent/16mm film). 

This film sequence contains excerpts from AAF-14548 -- AAF-14562 from the Clarence McMillin Collection held by the Alaska Film Archives, a unit of the Alaska & Polar Regions Collections & Archives Department in the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.  

*Source: "Unangax̂: Coastal People of Far Southwestern Alaska," by Douglas W. Veltre, who may be contacted at dwveltre "at" alaska.edu. For additional references and other sources of information, please contact Film Archivist Angela Schmidt of the Alaska Film Archives at University of Alaska Fairbanks: ajschmidt *at* alaska.edu

** McMillin’s first and middle names were Lee Clarence or possibly Lee Carroll. For additional references and other sources of information, please contact Film Archivist Angela Schmidt of the Alaska Film Archives at University of Alaska Fairbanks: ajschmidt *at* alaska.edu

Pribilof Islands Footage Added

 Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association is based in Alaska, USA.

 Qaqamiiĝux̂: Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association Indigenous Knowledge Videos

Inchoun (Russian: Инчоун, Chukchi: И’нчувин,[9] Yupik: Инсиг’вик[9]) is a rural locality (a selo) in Chukotsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

It is located on the shores of the Chukchi Sea, about 25 kilometers (16 mi) west of Uelen. Population: 387 (2010 Census);

Municipally Inchoun is subordinated to Chukotsky Municipal District and is incorporated as Inchoun Rural Settlement.

Russian language

Chukchi language

Chukchi Sea

Uelen

Russian Census (2010)

Yupik language

Types of inhabited localities in Russia

Village

Chukotsky District

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Russia

И’нчувин

The Khatanga Gulf or Khatanga Bay (Russian: Хатангский залив) is a large tidal estuary in the Laptev Sea. It is relatively narrow, its length being 220 kilometres (140 mi) with a maximum width of 54 kilometres (34 mi, as per wikipedia).

The Bolshoy Begichev Island divides the gulf into two straits: Northern Strait (13 kilometres (8.1 mi) wide) and Eastern Strait (8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide). The maximum depth of the gulf is 29 metres (95 ft). 

The Khatanga River flows out into the Khatanga Gulf. The shores of the gulf are high, steep, and indented. The tides are semidiurnal reaching up to 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in). The Khatanga Gulf is covered with ice most of the year.

The shores of the Khatanga Bay are generally raised, consisting of low tundra cliffs, as well as sandstone and mudstone cliffs and sedimentation areas.

Since the administrative border cuts across this area, the northern and western parts of the Khatanga Bay belong to the Krasnoyarsk Krai, while its southeastern side belongs to the Sakha administrative region of the Russian Federation.

The former settlement and penal colony of Nordvik was located by a north-facing bay on the Eastern Strait of the Khatanga Gulf known as Bukhta Nordvik.

The Bay is the easternmost of the traditional areas of the Indigenous Nganasans. The Nganasans first referred to themselves in Russian as Samoyeds, but they would also often use this term when referring to the Enets people and instead refer to themselves as “Avam people.” 

For the Nganasans, the term signified ngano-nganasana, which means “real people” in the Nganasan language, and referred to both themselves and the neighboring Madu Enets. 

However, in their own language, the Avam Nganasans refer to themselves as nya-tansa, which translates as “comrade tribe,” whereas the Vadeyev Nganasans to the East prefer to refer to themselves as a'sa which means “brother,” but also Evenk or Dolgan. The Nganasans were also formerly called Tavgi Samoyeds or Tavgis initially by the Russians, which derives from the word tavgy in the Nenets language.

Estuary

Gulag

Nordvik (Laptev Sea)

Nordvik Bay

Samoyedic peoples

Nganasan language

Enets people

Evenks

Dolgan

Nenets language

Laptev Sea

Bolshoy Begichev Island

Strait

Khatanga River

Tide

Krasnoyarsk Krai

Sakha Republic

Russian Federation

bay.jpg

A coast of the bay. Wikipedia commons

183152_web.jpg

Geographical location of the Ural-speaking populations. Kristiina Tambets et al., used with permission

Khatanga Gulf

Platinum (Central Yupik: Arviiq) is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 61 at the 2010 census, up from 41 in 2000.

Central Yupik language

Bethel Census Area, Alaska

2010 United States Census

Arviiq

Bering Strait is the narrowest point between the North American and Eurasian continents.

Here, a number of maps explain the region and its features.

beringia 20000 ENG.jpeg

Beringia 20000 years ago

Beringia basic ENG.jpeg

Beringia as a region in history 

beringia seafloor ENG.jpeg

Beringia sea floor topography 

dry coastal tundra.jpeg

Siberian dry coastal tundra 10,000 years ago

permafrost ENG.jpeg

An overview map of permafrost in the Arctic.

Bering Strait

Selawik (/ˈsɛləwɪk/) (Iñupiaq: Siiḷivik or Akuliġaq; Russian: Селавик) is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 829, up from 772 in 2000.

Selawik comes from siiḷivik, which means "place of sheefish" in Inupiaq.

Help:IPA/English

Inupiat language

Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska

Sheefish

Inupiaq language

Siiḷivik

St. Lawrence Island is a critically-important home of the Yupiaq peoples and has two communities, Savoonga and Gambell. Walrus and other marine mammals are central to the food security. Climate change has affected the marine mammal harvests in recent years, especially for walrus. 

Wfm_st_lawrence_island.jpg

Satellite view of the island. Wikipedia (2021)

White_Alice_site_St_Lawrence_Island.jpg

White Alice Military Installation on St Lawrence Island. Wikipedia 2021

Gambell 013.JPG

Meat rack on the island. (c) Henry Huntington

Savoonga 173.JPG

Auklets in a rookery.  (c) Henry Huntington

St Lawrence Island 050.JPG

Savoonga and a view on the island.  (c) Henry Huntington

St Lawrence Island 063.JPG

Fish net out in the ocean.  (c) Henry Huntington

St Lawrence Island 568.JPG

Cabin out on the land.  (c) Henry Huntington

St. Lawrence Island

The White Sea, the youngest sea in Europe, has a peculiar oceanographic regime with cold, deep water formation in the Gorlo strait. The Gorlo area is characterized by strong tidal currents creating high turbulence and mixing the water column down to the seabed (Timonov, 1925; Naumov and Fedyakov 1991; Pantyulin 2003; Kosobokova et al., 2004). It spreads cold water to the south and fills the deep areas 
of the entire White Sea and retains sub-zero temperatures all year round (Timonov, 1950; Pantyulin, 2003; Kosobokova et al., 2004). These specific conditions form a biotic boundary that limits dispersal of fauna from outside the area into the White Sea (Derjugin, 1928; Naumov, 2006; Solyanko et al., 2011). 

Deep areas filled with cold water provide habitats for pelagic and benthic biota, while upper layers and shallow areas host typical boreal fauna and macrophyte flora (i.e., kelp and seagrass) (Derjugin, 1928; Berger and Naumov, 2001; Naumov, 2001). In certain areas, the number of macrobenthic species exceeds 460 (Spiridonov et al., 2012), while number of phytoplankton species in the White Sea exceeds 440 (Ilyash et al., 2013). The White Sea harbours two endemic subspecies of fish, migration routes of Atlantic salmon and their abundant stocks (Studenov, 1991, 2011). 

Bays and islands of the White sea provide breeding habitats for 17 species of aquatic birds (Semashko et al., 2012) and serve as nesting areas of common eiders (Somateria molissima). This area overlaps with the East Atlantic flyway and thus has huge importance as a migration corridor and staging area (Lehikoinen et al., 2006). The polynyas that develop in winter are important wintering grounds for several seabird species (Krasnov et al., 2010, 2011). With regards to marine mammals, the White Sea contains important feeding, whelping and moulting areas of harp seals (Pagophilus groenladicus) (Melentyev and Chernook, 2009; Svetochev and Svetocheva, 2011) and extremely important mating grounds of beluga whales (Delphinapterus beluga) (Svetochev and Sveticheva, 2011).

Whiteseamap.jpg

Map of White Sea from 1635. Wikipedia commons

Traditional Fishery on the White Sea

White Sea

Qeqertarsuatsiaat, formerly Fiskernæs or Fiskenæsset, is a settlement in the Sermersooqmunicipality in southwestern Greenland, located on an island off the shores of Labrador Sea. Its population was 169 in 2020.

Sermersooq

Municipalities of Greenland

Greenland

Labrador Sea

Qeqertarsuatsiaat

Chuathbaluk (Central Yupik: Curarpalek) is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States.

At the 2010 census the population was 118, down from 119 in 2000.

Alaska

Curarpalek

Egvekinot (Russian: Эгвекино́т; Chukchi: Эрвыӄыннот, lit. sharp, hard land) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Iultinsky District in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. Population: 2,790 (2010 Census); 2,413 (2002 Census); 5,478 (1989 Census).

Soviet Census (1989)

Urban-type settlement

Administrative center

Iultinsky District

Russian Census (2002)

Эрвыӄыннот

Nunapitchuk /nuːnəˈpɪtʃək/ (Central Yupik: Nunapicuar) is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 496, up from 466 in 2000.

Nunapicuar

Mekoryuk (Nunivak Cup'ig: Mikuryarmiut; Central Yup'ik: Mikuryar) is a city located on Nunivak Island in the Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 191, down from 210 in 2000.

Nunivak Cup'ig language

Central Yup'ik language

Nunivak Island

Mikuryar

Kangaamiut, formerly known as Gammel Sukkertoppen, is a settlement with a population of 293 (2020[1]) in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland.

Qeqqata

Kangaamiut

Noorvik (Inupiaq: Nuurvik, meaning "A place to move to") is an Iñupiat city in the Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 668, up from 634 in 2000. 

Located in the NANA Region Corp, Noorvik has close ties with the largest city in the region, Kotzebue. Residents speak a dialect of Iñupiaq known as Noorvik Inupiaq. Noorvik was the first town to be counted in the 2010 census.

Inupiat people

United States Census, 2010

Kotzebue

Nuurvik

Aappilattoq (old spelling: Augpilagtoq) is a village in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland. The name means "red", after the red mountain rising above the settlement in the Greenlandic language. The settlement had 100 inhabitants in 2020.

The area of Aappilattoq has been inhabited since the 19th century, but the present-day village was founded in 1922.

The main occupations and sources of income are hunting and fishing.

Kujalleq

Greenlandic language

King Cove (Aleut: Agdaaĝux̂; Russian: Кинг-Коув) is a city in Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 938. This was up from 792 in 2000. The 2018 estimate was 1065.

King Cove is located on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, on a sand spit fronting Deer Passage and Deer Island. It is 18 miles southeast of Cold Bay and 625 miles southwest of Anchorage. It lies at approximately 55d 03m N Latitude, 162d 19m W Longitude. (Sec. 22, T059S, R086W, Seward Meridian). King Cove is located in the Aleutian Islands Recording District. The area encompasses 25.3 sq. miles of land and 4.5 sq. miles of water.

King Cove was founded in 1911 when Pacific American Fisheries built a salmon cannery. Early settlers were Scandinavian, European and Unangan fishermen. Of the first ten founding families, five consisted of a European father and an Aleut mother. The City was incorporated in 1949. The cannery operated continuously between 1911and 1976, when it was partially destroyed by fire. The adoption of the 200-mile fisheries limit spurred rebuilding. King Cove remains tied to fishing and fish processing.

Scandinavians have historically influenced the cultural, economic and social structures. King Cove is a mixed non-Native and Unangan community.

King Cove’s economy depends almost completely on the year-round commercial fishing and seafood processing industries. The Peter Pan facility is one of the largest cannery operations under one roof in Alaska. Up to 500 non-residents are brought up to work in the cannery as needed. 62 residents hold commercial fishing permits. In 2000, the estimated gross fishing earnings of residents exceeded $6.2 million. Income is supplemented by subsistence activities. Salmon, caribou, geese and ptarmigan provide food sources.

Water is supplied by Ram Creek with a sheetpile dam which stores about 980,000 gallons of unfiltered water. A $9 million project to develop a new supply is nearing completion – a well field at Delta Creek and storage tank. All residents are connected to the piped water system. A piped sewage collection system connects all homes and facilities to central septic tanks. Two lift stations and tanks provide primary (20,000 gallons) and secondary treatment (84,000 gallons) of waste, with discharge through an outfall line. All homes are fully plumbed. The City collects garbage twice a week. Aluminum is recycled. The landfill is nearing capacity. A hydroelectric power project has recently been completed at Delta Creek. Peter Pan operates its own electric system.

King Cove is accessible only by air and sea. A State-owned 3,360 foot gravel runway is available. Gale force crosswinds are common, as the airport lies in a valley between two volcanic peaks. A local priority is to construct a 27-mile road to Cold Bay, through the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, to access their airport. The $14 million road has drawn state and national controversy. The State Ferry operates bi-monthly between May and October. The ferry and marine cargo services use one of three docks owned by Peter Pan Seafoods. A deep water dock is also operated by the City. The North Harbor provides moorage for 90 boats, and is ice-free all year. A new harbor and breakwater is under construction by the Corps of Engineers and Aleutians East Borough. Upon completion, the new Babe Newman Harbor will be operated by the City, and will provide additional moorage for 60′ to 150′ fishing vessels.

King Cove lies in the maritime climate zone. Temperatures average 25 to 55, with extremes from -9 to 76. Snowfall averages 52 inches, and total annual precipitation is 33 inches. Fog during summer, and high winds during winter, can limit accessibility.

Aleut language

Aleutians East Borough, Alaska

King Cove_APIA archives.jpg

King Cove. APIA archives, Used with Permission

Agdaaĝux̂

False Pass (Aleut: Isanax̂) is a city on Unimak Island, in the Aleutians East Borough of southwestern Alaska, United States. The population was 35 at the 2010 census, down from 64 in 2000. The 2018 estimate is 49.

False Pass is located on the eastern shore of Unimak Island on a strait connecting the Pacific Gulf of Alaska to the Bering Sea. It is 646 air miles southwest of Anchorage. It lies at approximately 54d 51m N Latitude, 163d 24m W Longitude. (Sec. 34, T061S, R094W, Seward Meridian). False Pass is located in the Aleutian Islands Recording District. The area encompasses 26.9 sq. miles of land and 41.4 sq. miles of water.

The name False Pass is derived from the fact that the Bering Sea side of the strait is extremely shallow and cannot accommodate large vessels. The area was originally settled by a homesteader in the early 1900s, and grew with the establishment of a cannery in 1917. Natives immigrated from Morzhovoi, Sanak Island and Ikatan when the cannery was built. A post office was established in 1921. The cannery has operated continuously, except for 1973 – 1976, when two hard winters depleted the fish resources. The cannery was subsequently purchased by Peter Pan Seafoods. It was destroyed by fire in 1984, and was not rebuilt. The City was incorporated in 1990.

The community is primarily Unangan. Fishing, fish processing and subsistence activities are the mainstays of the lifestyle.

The local economy is driven by commercial salmon fishing and fishing services. False Pass is an important refueling stop for Bristol Bay and Bering Sea fishing fleets. 11 residents hold commercial fishing permits. The Peter Pan Seafoods plant burned down in 1984. A floating processor from Homer, The Dipper, began processing salt cod in January 2000 for the Norwegian company Aleutian Quality Seafoods. Bering Pacific Seafoods opened in June 2000. Cash income is supplemented by subsistence hunting and fishing. Salmon, halibut, geese, caribou, seals and wild cattle on Sanak Island are utilized.

Water is derived from a nearby spring and reservoir, is treated and stored in a 60,000-gallon tank. Most homes are connected to the piped water system. Almost 80% of homes are fully plumbed. Many residents have individual septic tanks; wastewater from seafood processing flows directly into an outfall line. The City collects refuse twice a week. There are no recycling programs available. Water system improvements and a new landfill are needed.

Boats and aircraft provide the only means of transportation into False Pass. A state-owned 2,100 foot gravel airstrip and a seaplane base are available. Mail and passenger flights arrive three times weekly. There is no boat harbor, but new dock facilities and a boat ramp were recently completed. A boat haul-out and storage facility are under construction. Protected moorage is needed; the Borough has proposed a $13 million small boat harbor, which may begin construction in 2003. The Corps of Engineers are designing the facility. Cargo barges are available from Seattle. No local taxi or delivery services exist in False Pass. The State Ferry operates bi-monthly from Kodiak between May and October.

False Pass lies in the maritime climate zone. Temperatures range from 11 to 55. snowfall averages 56 inches, with total annual precipitation of 33 inches. Prevailing southeast winds are constant and often strong during winter. Fog is common during summer months.

Unimak Island

False Pass_APIA archives.jpg

False Pass, APIA archives, Used with Permission

False Pass_Delores Kochuten_APIA archives.jpg

False Pass, Delores Kochuten. APIA archives, Used with Permission

Isanax̂

Bordered to the west by the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea extends east to the coastal waters of Chukotka and the Chukchi Sea. The northern regions of the East Siberian Sea including feeding and migration areas for walrus, ringed seals, beluga, and bowhead whales (AMAP 2013). 

The Kolyma River empties into the East Siberian Sea, and the delta provides important habitat for migratory birds including waterfowl and shorebirds.

The Kolyma River, watershed and the coastal estuary are home to diverse fish species. To the east along the Chukotkan coast several bays, including Chaun Bay, contain especially high biodiversity for this region, containing rare biological communities including kelp and mussel beds (EBSA). These bays and marshes are important moulting and nesting areas for shorebirds and waterfowl.

Changing sea ice and river ice conditions are of concern due to the sensitivity of ecosystems here to changes in ice. The East Siberian Sea has lost nearly 90% of September sea ice compared with a 1979-1989 average (Stroeve et al., 2018).

The coasts of the East Siberian Sea are being used by the Chukchi, Even, Dolgan, Yukaghir and Sakha peoples.

AMAP/CAFF/SDWG, 2013. Identification of Arctic marine areas of heightened ecological and cultural significance: Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo

Stroeve, J. and D. Notz (2018) Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons. Environ. Res. Lett. 13. 103001